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In the previous article, primary and secondary drying were described as the steps that remove free and bound water from a freeze-dried product….
In the previous article, the design of a freeze-drying cycle was described based on product behavior and thermal limits….
In the previous article, the effects of containers, materials, and formulation on freeze-drying behavior were examined….
With the freeze-dryer and its core systems defined in the previous article, the next step is to examine what is placed inside it….
The principles of sublimation and low temperature drying described in the previous article can only be applied when a carefully controlled physical environment is created….
“Freeze-Drying Basics” is a six-part series that presents the fundamental principles and practical considerations of freeze-drying (lyophilization)….
At SP Industries Inc., our commitment to continuous improvement is not limited to our product portfolios. After our initial website update in 2023, we immediately began to gather feedback from inte
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