A forensic detection method was developed to identify diclofenac and related NSAIDs in avian and livestock keratinous tissues to support wildlife conservation. The study optimized extraction, derivatization, and GC-MS analysis using a miVac concentrator to achieve reproducible solvent removal. Compared with nitrogen blow-down techniques, the approach significantly reduced processing time, improved consistency, and enabled routine application in resource-limited forensic laboratories.
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